Pressure Reduction System and Method for Reducing the Pressure of High Pressure Aerosols

ABSTRACT

A pressure reduction system and methods therefore that include features for reducing the pressure of a high pressure aerosol to ambient pressure without significantly changing the characteristics of the aerosol are provided. In this manner, the non-volatile particulate matter concentration in a sample stream obtained from the aerosol stream at ambient pressure is representative of the non-volatile particulate matter concentration that was present in the aerosol stream at high pressure prior to the pressure reduction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent claims priority as a divisional to U.S. Non-Provisionalapplication Ser. No. 16/022,793 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,809,165) entitled“ PRESSURE REDUCTION SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REDUCING THE PRESSURE OF HIGHPRESSURE AEROSOLS” which was filed on Jun. 29, 2018, and is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present subject matter relates generally to a pressure reductionsystem and methods therefore for reducing the pressure of aerosolstreams from high pressure environments such that a representativenon-volatile particulate concentration of the stream may be sampled.

BACKGROUND

Exhaust from gas turbine engines contains combustion byproducts. Examplecombustion byproducts include sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogenoxides, and particulate matter, including volatile and non-volatileparticulate matter. The most prevalent substance of non-volatileparticulate matter is black carbon (commonly referred to as carbonaceoussoot). Black carbon is formed by incomplete combustion of fuel. Othernon-volatile particulates may include dust, metal, and ceramicparticles. Non-volatile particulate matter may negatively affect humanhealth and the environment.

Accordingly, it has been a common goal to reduce the negative impacts ofsuch combustion byproducts, particularly non-volatile particulatematter. Generally, to study non-volatile particulate matter from aerosolstreams, samples are taken from such streams and particulate mattermeasuring devices are used to measure various parameters of thenon-volatile particulate matter, including for example, particulate massconcentration, number concentration, particulate size distribution, etc.Obtaining a sample that is representative of the actual non-volatileparticulate matter concentration from such high pressure aerosol streamshas presented certain challenges.

One challenge with obtaining a sample representative of the actualnon-volatile particulate matter concentration is that exhaust aerosolstreams are generated in a high pressure environment, e.g., thecombustor assembly of a gas turbine engine. For existing particulatemeasurement devices to accurately measure the non-volatile particulatematter, the pressure of the aerosol exhaust stream must be reduced to ator near ambient pressure. While conventional pressure reduction systemsare capable of reducing the pressure of aerosol streams to ambientpressure, such conventional systems greatly alter or change theconcentration of the non-volatile particulate matter when the pressureof the aerosol streams are reduced to ambient pressure. Thus, when asample from the aerosol stream is measured by a particulate measurementdevice, the measurements may not be representative of the particulateenvironment that was present at high pressure.

As conventional pressure reduction systems have been unsuccessful atreducing the pressure of aerosol streams without affecting or minimallyaffecting the non-volatile particulate matter concentration of suchstreams, it has been challenging for designers of gas turbine engines tosuccessfully measure and characterize non-volatile particulate matter ofsuch aerosol exhaust streams. Thus, verifying new emission reductiondesigns, testing engines in service, modeling for “particulate emissionreduction,” and characterizing transfer functions between the aerosolsource (e.g., a combustor) and typical measurement planes required bycertification authorities has been particularly challenging.

Accordingly, a pressure reduction system and methods therefore thataddress one or more of the challenges noted above would be useful.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in thefollowing description, or may be obvious from the description, or may belearned through practice of the invention.

In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a pressurereduction system. The pressure reduction system includes an enclosuredefining a first chamber and a second chamber positioned downstream ofthe first chamber. The pressure reduction system also includes an inletport fluidly connecting a high pressure environment and the firstchamber, the inlet port defining a first expansion orifice through whichan aerosol stream comprised of non-volatile particulates is delivered tothe first chamber from the high pressure environment, wherein theaerosol stream has a first pressure drop after passing through the firstexpansion orifice from a high pressure to an intermediate pressure. Inaddition, the pressure reduction system includes a transition tubefluidly connecting the first chamber and the second chamber, thetransition tube defining an inlet and a second expansion orifice throughwhich the aerosol stream is delivered to the second chamber from thefirst chamber, wherein the aerosol stream has a second pressure dropafter passing through the second expansion from the intermediatepressure to a low pressure. Moreover, the pressure reduction systemincludes a sample outlet port defining a sample outlet of the secondchamber, wherein a portion of the aerosol stream having the low pressureis configured to flow through the sample outlet.

In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method forreducing a pressure of an aerosol stream comprised of non-volatileparticulates from a high pressure to a low pressure. The method includesexpanding the aerosol stream through a first expansion orifice into afirst chamber defined by an enclosure to reduce the aerosol stream fromthe high pressure to an intermediate pressure. The method also includesexpanding the aerosol stream through a second expansion orifice definedby a transition tube into a second chamber defined by the enclosure toreduce the aerosol stream from the intermediate pressure to the lowpressure, wherein the transition tube is completely contained within theenclosure.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a pressurereduction system. The pressure reduction system includes an enclosureformed at least in part of a conducting material and defining a firstchamber and a second chamber positioned downstream of the first chamber.Further, the pressure reduction system includes an inlet port fluidlyconnecting a high pressure environment and the first chamber, the inletport defining a first expansion orifice through which an aerosol streamcomprised of non-volatile particulates is delivered to the first chamberfrom the high pressure environment, wherein the aerosol stream has afirst pressure drop after passing through the first expansion orificefrom a high pressure to an intermediate pressure. In addition, thepressure reduction system includes an overflow pressure valve fluidlyconnected to the first chamber for selectively regulating the pressureof the aerosol stream within the first chamber. The pressure reductionsystem also includes a transition tube formed of a conducting materialand fluidly connecting the first chamber and the second chamber andmounted to the enclosure, the transition tube defining an inlet and asecond expansion orifice through which the aerosol stream is deliveredto the second chamber from the first chamber, wherein the aerosol streamhas a second pressure drop after passing through the second expansionfrom the intermediate pressure to a low pressure. Further, the pressurereduction system includes a heating assembly for providing heat to theenclosure. The pressure reduction system additionally includes a sampleoutlet port defining a sample outlet of the second chamber, wherein aportion of the aerosol stream having the low pressure is configured toflow through the sample outlet.

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood with reference to the followingdescription and appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which areincorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrateembodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serveto explain the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including thebest mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is setforth in the specification, which makes reference to the appendedfigures, in which:

FIG. 1 provides a perspective view of an exemplary pressure reductionsystem in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 2 provides a perspective view of the pressure reduction system ofFIG. 1 depicting a heating element removed to reveal an enclosure of thepressure reduction system;

FIG. 3 provides a cross-sectional view of the pressure reduction systemtaken along line 3-3 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 provides a close up, cross-sectional view of an inlet port of thepressure reduction system as viewed at Section 4 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 provides a close up, cross-sectional view of a transition tube ofthe pressure reduction system as viewed at Section 5 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 provides a side view of the transition tube of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 provides a cross-sectional view of the transition tube takenalong line 7-7 of FIG. 6; and

FIG. 8 provides a flow diagram of an exemplary method for reducing apressure of an aerosol stream comprised of non-volatile particulatesfrom a high pressure to a low pressure in accordance with exemplaryaspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments of the invention,one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Eachexample is provided by way of explanation of the invention, notlimitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be madein the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit ofthe invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as partof one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a stillfurther embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present inventioncovers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of theappended claims and their equivalents. Furthermore, as used herein,terms of approximation, such as “approximately,” “substantially,” or“about,” refer to being within a ten percent (10%) margin of error.Further, as used herein, the terms “first”, “second”, and “third” may beused interchangeably to distinguish one component from another and arenot intended to signify location or importance of the individualcomponents. The terms “upstream” and “downstream” refer to the relativedirection with respect to fluid flow in a fluid pathway. For example,“upstream” refers to the direction from which the fluid flows, and“downstream” refers to the direction to which the fluid flows.

In general, the present disclosure is directed to a pressure reductionsystem and methods therefore for reducing the pressure of a highpressure aerosol, e.g., to ambient pressure, without significantlychanging the characteristics of the aerosol. In this way, thenon-volatile particulate matter concentration in a sample streamobtained from the aerosol stream at ambient pressure is representativeof the non-volatile particulate matter concentration that was present inthe aerosol stream at high pressure prior to the pressure reduction.Such representative samples may be used to measure variouscharacteristics of the non-volatile particulates of high pressureaerosols.

In one exemplary aspect, a pressure reduction system is provided. Thepressure reduction system includes features that reduce the pressure ofa high pressure aerosol to ambient pressure without significantlychanging the characteristics of the aerosol. In particular, the pressurereduction system includes two expansion orifices that reduce thepressure of an aerosol stream in two stages. The aerosol is directedfrom a high pressure environment, e.g., a combustor assembly of a gasturbine engine, through a first expansion orifice defined by an inletport and into a first chamber defined by an enclosure causing theaerosol stream to expand. As the aerosol expands, the high pressureaerosol is reduced to an intermediate pressure and the temperature isalso reduced. A transition tube fluidly connecting the first chamberwith a second chamber defined by the enclosure receives a portion of theaerosol stream. As the aerosol flows through the transition tube, thetransition tube settles the flow and exchanges heat with the gasaerosol. The heating of the flow facilitates a constant volumetric flowrate (or close to a constant volumetric flow rate) through the systemand prevents condensation from forming along the gas path of the system.The aerosol is directed through a second expansion orifice defined bythe transition tube at its downstream end and into the second chamber.Thus, the aerosol stream is expanded once more, reducing the pressure ofthe aerosol stream from the intermediate pressure (the pressure of theaerosol stream upstream of the second expansion orifice and downstreamof the first expansion orifice) to a low pressure. The low pressure maybe an ambient pressure, for example. A portion of the low pressureaerosol may then be directed to a particulate matter measurement devicefor measuring the particulates of the aerosol. The pressure reduction ofthe aerosol without significantly changing the characteristics of theaerosol is achieved via a constant volumetric flow rate of the aerosolthrough the first and second expansion orifices via isentropic expansionand isobaric heating of the aerosol upstream of the second expansionorifice in the transition tube, and to a smaller extent, upstream of thefirst expansion orifice at the inlet port. In another exemplary aspect,methods for utilizing the pressure reduction system to reduce thepressure of a high pressure aerosol to ambient pressure withoutsignificantly changing the characteristics of the aerosol are alsoprovided.

FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 provide various views of an exemplary pressurereduction system 100 in accordance with exemplary embodiments of thepresent disclosure. More particularly, FIG. 1 provides a perspectiveview of the pressure reduction system 100, FIG. 2 provides anotherperspective view of the pressure reduction system 100 with a heatingassembly removed to reveal an enclosure of the pressure reduction system100, and FIG. 3 provides a cross-sectional view of the pressurereduction system 100 taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 1. The pressurereduction system 100 defines an axial direction A, a radial direction R,and a circumferential direction C extending about the axial direction A.The axial direction A, the radial direction R, and the circumferentialdirection C define a direction system. Further, the pressure reductionsystem 100 also defines a main axis M that extends along the axialdirection A.

As shown best in FIGS. 2 and 3, the pressure reduction system 100includes an enclosure 110 that defines a first chamber 112 and a secondchamber 114. The second chamber 114 is positioned downstream of thefirst chamber 112. For this embodiment, the enclosure 110 includes afirst cylinder 116 and a second cylinder 118 that is connected to aflange 120 of the first cylinder 116. The first cylinder 116 defines thefirst chamber 112 and the second cylinder 118 defines the second chamber114. In some embodiments, however, the enclosure 110 may be formed as asingle, continuous monolithic component. Further, for this embodiment,the enclosure 110 is formed at least in part by a conducting material,such as e.g., a metal material. In preferred embodiments, the enclosure110 is entirely formed a conducting material.

As shown particularly in FIG. 3, an inlet port 130 fluidly connects ahigh pressure environment 122 and the first chamber 112. Moreparticularly, as depicted, an inlet conduit 124 fluidly connects thehigh pressure environment 122 with the inlet port 130, which in turnfluidly connects the inlet conduit 124 with the first chamber 112. Thehigh pressure environment 122 may be any suitable high pressureenvironment. For instance, the high pressure environment 122 may be acombustor assembly of a gas turbine engine. The inlet port 130 definesan inlet 132 and a first expansion orifice 134 spaced from the inlet132, e.g., along the axial direction A. The first expansion orifice 134serves an outlet of the inlet port 130. The inlet 132 of inlet port 130is positioned upstream of the first expansion orifice 134 and is fluidlyconnected with the inlet conduit 124. An inlet port passage 136 definedby the inlet port 130 extends between and fluidly connects the inlet 132with the first expansion orifice 134. During operation of the pressurereduction system 100, an aerosol stream S comprised of non-volatileparticulates flows through the first expansion orifice 134 such that theaerosol stream S is delivered to the first chamber 112 from the highpressure environment 122. The aerosol stream S may be an exhaust stream,for example, such as an exhaust stream from a combustor assembly of agas turbine engine.

Notably, the pressure of the aerosol stream S upstream of the firstexpansion orifice 134, denoted as high pressure P1, is higher relativeto the pressure within the first chamber 112 and the outlet pressure ofthe pressure reduction system 100, as will be explained in detailherein. For instance, the high pressure P1 may be three bar (3 bar) upto about seventy bar (70 bar). In some embodiments, the high pressure P1may be even higher than seventy bar (70 bar). When the aerosol stream Sflows through the first expansion orifice 134, the first expansionorifice 134 reduces the pressure of the aerosol stream S from highpressure P1 to an intermediate pressure P2, e.g., via expansion throughthe first expansion orifice 134. As one example, suppose the highpressure P1 of the aerosol stream S is fifty bar (50 bar). The firstexpansion orifice 134 may reduce the pressure of the aerosol stream S toan intermediate pressure P2 of seven and one tenth bar (7.10 bar). Theintermediate pressure P2 is indicative of the pressure of the aerosolstream within the first chamber 112 as shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 provides a close up view of the inlet port 130. As shown, thefirst expansion orifice 134 has a first diameter D₁. The inlet portpassage 136 has a diameter D_(IP). The inlet 132 of inlet port 130 hasthe same diameter D_(IP) as the inlet port passage 136. For thisembodiment, the diameter D_(IP) is at least three and a half times (3.5)greater than the first diameter D₁. As further depicted, a first conicalfrustum 138 defined by the inlet port 130 transitions the inlet portpassage 136 to the first expansion orifice 134. For this embodiment, thefirst conical frustum 138 transitions the inlet port passage 136 to thefirst expansion orifice 134 at an angle θ₁ of about sixty degrees (60°)with respect to the axial direction A. Preferably, the angle θ₁ is atleast forty-five degrees(45°) with respect to the axial direction A. Thefirst conical frustum 138 funnels the aerosol stream S into the firstexpansion orifice 134 and prevents stress risers. The first conicalfrustum 138 and the first expansion orifice 134 form a converging throatof the inlet port 130.

Returning to FIGS. 1 through 3, as shown, the pressure reduction system100 includes a pressure sensing device 140 fluidly connected to thefirst chamber 112 for measuring or sensing the pressure of the aerosolstream S in the first chamber 112, which at this stage of the pressurereduction system 100 has intermediate pressure P2. The pressure sensingdevice 140 may be an analog pressure gauge, for example. As shownparticularly in FIG. 3, the enclosure 110 defines an opening 142. Aninlet of a conduit 144 is positioned in the opening 142 and extendsoutward from the first chamber 112 along the radial direction R tofluidly connect the pressure sensing device 140 with the first chamber112.

The pressure reduction system 100 also includes an overflow pressurevalve 150. In particular, for this embodiment, the pressure reductionsystem 100 includes a pair of overflow pressure valves 150 (FIG. 2). Insome embodiments, the pressure reduction system 100 may include morethan two (2) valves or only one (1) overflow pressure valve 150. Each ofthe overflow pressure valves 150 are fluidly connected to the firstchamber 112 for selectively regulating the pressure of the aerosolstream S within the pressure reduction system 100, and more particularlywithin the first chamber 112. Stated differently, each overflow pressurevalve 150 is movable between an open position and a closed position, andin the event of excess pressure above a predetermined set pressure inthe first chamber 112, one or more of the overflow pressure valves 150are moved to the open position to remove a portion of the aerosol streamS from the first chamber 112 to reduce the pressure therein. In theevent the pressure within the first chamber 112 is at or below thepredetermined set pressure, the overflow pressure valves 150 may bemoved to the closed position. The overflow pressure valves 150 may bemovable between an infinite number of open positions and the closedposition, e.g., by use of proportional control valves, or may beswitchable between a single open position and a closed position. Thefirst chamber 112 defines a pair of outlets 152 (only one shown in FIGS.3 and 5) that allows excess portions of the aerosol stream S to exit thefirst chamber 112 and flow downstream to the overflow pressure valves150.

In addition, for this embodiment, the pressure reduction system 100includes a heating assembly 160. The heating assembly 160 is configuredto selectively heat the enclosure 110 to a predetermined settemperature. Advantageously, the enclosure 110 is heated by the heatingassembly 160 to prevent or minimize condensation during expansion of theaerosol stream S after flowing through the first expansion orifice 134and a second expansion orifice as will be explained further below. Insome embodiments, the heating assembly 160 is configured to maintain atemperature within plus or minus five degrees Celsius (5° C.) of thepredetermined set temperature. In some embodiments, the predeterminedset temperature is set between one hundred degrees Celsius (100° C.) andabout two hundred fifty degrees Celsius (250° C.). In some preferredembodiments, the predetermined set temperature is set at about onehundred fifty degrees Celsius (150° C.).

The heating assembly 160 can include various components for heating theenclosure 100. For instance, in some embodiments, the heating assembly160 includes one or more heating elements, e.g., electric resistiveheaters, and insulation wrapped about the enclosure 110. Further, theheating assembly 160 may include one or more fans to move the relativelywarm air across the surfaces of the enclosure 110.

As shown best in FIGS. 1 and 3, for this embodiment, the heatingassembly 160 includes a heating jacket 162 wrapped about the enclosure110. Preferably, the heating jacket 162 wraps entirely about theenclosure 110 along the circumferential direction C (i.e., around theenclosure 110). Moreover, in some preferred embodiments, the heatingjacket 162 is wrapped about the enclosure 110 along the entire axiallength of the enclosure 110, e.g., as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. Theheating jacket 162 may be formed of any suitable material having highthermal insulation properties, such as e.g., glass wool. The heatingjacket 162 also includes one or more suitable heating elements. Forinstance, in some embodiments, the heating jacket 162 includes aplurality of electric wires that expel heat when electrical current ispassed therethrough. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments,the heating jacket may include one or more fluid conduits configured forcarrying relatively warm fluid therethrough for heating the enclosure110.

Further, the pressure reduction system 100 includes one or morecontrollers 170 or computing device(s) configured for controllingvarious components of the pressure reduction system 100 as depicted inFIG. 3. For instance, in this exemplary embodiment, the controller 170is communicatively coupled with the overflow pressure valve(s) 150, thepressure sensing device 140, and the heating jacket 162 of the heatingassembly 160. The controller 170 may be communicatively coupled with thepressure sensing device 140, the overflow pressure valve(s) 150, theheating jacket 162, and other components of pressure reduction system100 in any suitable manner, such as e.g., by a suitable wired orwireless connection. In some embodiments, the pressure reduction system100 may include a dedicated controller 170 for controlling the heatingjacket 162 and a dedicated controller 170 for controlling the overflowpressure valves 150. For instance, the controller 170 can control theoverflow pressure valves 150 based at least in part on one or moresignals from the pressure sensing device 140, as will be explained morefully below. In some embodiments, however, a single controller 170 maycontrol the various aspects of the pressure reduction system 100.

In some exemplary embodiments, the controller 170 is configured toreceive one or more signals indicative of the pressure of the aerosolstream S within the first chamber 112, e.g., from the pressure sensingdevice 140. The controller is then configured to determine whether thepressure of the aerosol stream S within the first chamber 112 is withina predetermined range of a set pressure. The predetermined range may bestatic or dynamic. For instance, the predetermined range may be based atleast in part on the set pressure, which may be dynamically changed toachieve a particular pressure at the outlet of the pressure reductionsystem 100. The set pressure may be changed to accommodate fluctuationsin the pressure of the aerosol stream S flowing to the pressurereduction system 100 upstream of the inlet port 130. The controller 170is further configured to control the overflow pressure valve(s) 150 toadjust a valve position of the overflow pressure valve(s) 150 based atleast in part on whether the pressure of the aerosol stream S within thefirst chamber 112 (e.g., the intermediate pressure P2) is within thepredetermined range of the set pressure. For instance, if the pressureP2 of the aerosol stream S within the first chamber 112 is greater thanthe predetermined range of the set pressure, then controller 170activates or controls one or more of the overflow pressure valves 150 tomove to the open position. In this way, excess pressure may be expelledto the ambient surroundings effectively reducing the pressure within thefirst chamber 112. On the other hand, if the pressure P2 of the aerosolstream S within the first chamber 112 is less than the predeterminedrange of the set pressure, then controller 170 activates or controls oneor more of the overflow pressure valves 150 to move to the closedposition thus preventing loss of pressure within the first chamber 112.

As shown best in FIG. 3, the pressure reduction system 100 includes atransition tube 180 that fluidly connects the first chamber 112 and thesecond chamber 114. Notably, the transition tube 180 is completelycontained within the enclosure 110. That is, the transition tube 180 isnot exposed to external elements that may negatively affect thetemperature of the aerosol stream S flowing therethrough. As shown inthe depicted embodiment of FIG. 3, the transition tube 180 extends intothe first chamber 112, into the second chamber 114, and is positionedbetween the chambers 112, 114 but is still contained within theenclosure 110.

The transition tube 180 defines an inlet 182 and a second expansionorifice 184. The second expansion orifice 184 is spaced from the inlet182 of the transition tube 180, e.g., along the axial direction A. Atransition passage 186 defined by the transition tube 180 extendsbetween and fluidly connects the inlet 182 of the transition tube 180with the second expansion orifice 184 of the transition tube 180. Theinlet 182 of transition tube 180 is positioned upstream of the secondexpansion orifice 184. The second expansion orifice 184 serves as anoutlet of the transition tube 180 and an inlet to the second chamber114. During operation of the pressure reduction system 100, the aerosolstream S comprised of non-volatile particulates flows through the secondexpansion orifice 184 such that the aerosol stream S is delivered to thesecond chamber 114 from the first chamber 112.

The pressure of the aerosol stream S upstream of the second expansionorifice 184 and downstream of the first expansion orifice 134 has anintermediate pressure P2, as noted above. When the aerosol stream Sflows through the second expansion orifice 184, the second expansionorifice 184 reduces the pressure of the aerosol stream S from theintermediate pressure P2 to a low pressure P3, e.g., via expansionthrough the second expansion orifice 184. Continuing with the examplenoted above, suppose the intermediate pressure P2 of the aerosol streamS is seven and one tenth bar (7.10 bar). The second expansion orifice184 may reduce the pressure of the aerosol stream S to the low pressureP3 of one bar (1 bar). The low pressure P3 is indicative of the pressureof the aerosol stream within the second chamber 114. At one bar (1 bar),particulate measurement devices may measure the concentration ofnon-volatile particulates in representative samples of the aerosolstream S.

FIG. 5 provides a close up view of the transition tube 180. As shown,the second expansion orifice 184 has a second diameter D₂. For thisembodiment, the first diameter D₁ of the first expansion orifice 134(FIG. 4) and the second diameter D₂ of the second expansion orifice 184are equal (i.e., they have the same diameter). The transition passage186 has a diameter D_(T). The diameter D_(T) of the transition passage186 remains the same or constant over substantially the axial length ofthe transition tube 180. For this embodiment, the diameter D_(T) of thetransition passage 186 is at least three and a half (3.5) times greaterthan the second diameter D₂ of the second expansion orifice 184. Asfurther depicted, a second conical frustum 188 defined by the transitiontube 180 transitions the transition passage 186 to the second expansionorifice 184. In addition, for this embodiment, the second conicalfrustum 188 transitions the transition passage 186 to the secondexpansion orifice 184 at an angle θ₂ of about sixty degrees (60°) withrespect to the axial direction A. Preferably, the angle θ₂ is at leastforty-five degrees (45°) with respect to the axial direction A. Thesecond conical frustum 188 funnels the aerosol stream S into the secondexpansion orifice 184 and prevents stress risers. The second conicalfrustum 188 and the second expansion orifice 184 form a convergingthroat of the transition tube 180.

As the aerosol stream S flows through the first expansion orifice 134and into the first chamber 112 as shown in FIG. 4, the aerosol stream Sundergoes expansion through the first expansion orifice 134 and theaerosol stream S expands in volume as it fills into the first chamber112, and consequently, the pressure and temperature of the aerosolstream S within the first chamber 112 decrease. The aerosol stream S mayundergo isentropic expansion through the first expansion orifice 134.Further, as the aerosol stream S expands into the first chamber 112after exiting the first expansion orifice 134, the aerosol stream S mayexhibit turbulent characteristics. To minimize the impact to the qualityof the concentration of the aerosol stream S, advantageously, thepressure reduction system 100 includes features that heat the aerosolstream S and settle the flow before the aerosol stream S reaches thesecond expansion orifice 184. For instance, as shown best in FIG. 3, adistance D is defined between the first expansion orifice 134 and thesecond expansion orifice 184. Notably, the distance is at least ten (10)times greater than the first diameter D₁ and the second diameter D₂. Thedistance D provides a sufficient distance for the aerosol stream S to beheated and settled before entering the second expansion orifice 184.Such heating, which may be isobaric, and settling of the aerosol streamS facilitates a constant volumetric flow rate (or close to a constantvolumetric flow rate) through the second expansion orifice 184 of thepressure reduction system 100.

Further, to facilitate stream line capturing of the aerosol stream Sexiting the first expansion orifice 134 by the transition tube 180, theinlet 182 of the transition tube 180 is aligned with the first expansionorifice 134 of the inlet port 130 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Moreparticularly, the inlet 182 of the transition tube 180 is concentricallyaligned with the first expansion orifice 134 of the inlet port 130. Forthis embodiment, the inlet 182 of the transition tube 180 isconcentrically aligned with the first expansion orifice 134 of the inletport 130 along the main axis M. By aligning the inlet 182 of thetransition tube 180 with the first expansion orifice 134 of the inletport 130, the particulate concentration of the aerosol stream S isbetter maintained, particularly during when one of the overflow pressurevalves 150 are moved to the open position to reduce the pressure P2within the first chamber 112.

As further depicted in FIG. 5, the transition tube 180 extends betweenan upstream end 190 and a downstream end 192, e.g., along the axialdirection A, and extends generally along the main axis M. The upstreamend 190 of the transition tube 180 is positioned within the firstchamber 112 and the downstream end 192 is positioned within the secondchamber 114. The transition tube 180 includes a body 194 and a head 196.The body 194 includes a step portion 198 and a conical frustum portion200. The head 196 of the transition tube 180 is positioned at thedownstream end 192 of the transition tube 180 and is seated against thefirst cylinder 116, and more particularly the flange 120 of the firstcylinder 116. The conical frustum portion 200 extends from the upstreamend 190 to the step portion 198. The step portion 198 is positionedwithin a transition opening 126 defined by the enclosure 110 between thefirst chamber 112 and the second chamber 114. Moreover, for thisembodiment, the transition tube 180 is formed of a conducting material,such as e.g., a metal material. In some embodiments, only the body 194need be formed of a conducting material.

Notably, the transition tube 180 tapers along the axial direction Atoward the inlet 182 of the transition tube 180. More particularly, theconical frustum portion 200 of the transition tube 180 tapers along theaxial direction A from where it connects with the step portion 198 tothe upstream end 190 of the transition tube 180. As shown best in FIGS.6 and 7, the step portion 198 of the body 194 has an outer diameter thatis greater than an outer diameter of the transition tube 180 at itsupstream end 190. More particularly, the step portion 198 defines a basediameter D_(B), which is an outer diameter of the transition tube 180 atthe step portion 198. The conical frustum portion 200 defines anupstream diameter D_(U), e.g., at the upstream end 190 of the transitiontube 180. The upstream diameter D_(U) is the outer diameter of theconical frustum portion 200. For this embodiment, the base diameterD_(B) of the step portion 198 is at least three (3) greater than theupstream diameter D_(U).

The tapered geometry of the transition tube 180 facilitates heattransfer with the aerosol stream S flowing through the transition tube180 as shown in FIG. 5. That is, as the aerosol stream S acceleratesthrough the transition tube 180 (hence cooling the aerosol stream S)prior to flowing through the second expansion orifice 184, the geometryof the transition tube 180 is such that the transition tube 180exchanges heat with the aerosol stream S to counteract the cooling ofthe aerosol stream S due to its acceleration. More specifically, heat issupplied to the enclosure 110, e.g., via the heating jacket 162. Theconducting material of the enclosure 110 facilitates conduction heatexchange from the outer surfaces of the enclosure 110 to the flange 120.The interface between the conducting annular outer surface of the stepportion 198 and the conducting flange 120 of the enclosure 110 warms thetransition tube 180. The transition tube 180 is warmed such that itsthermal profile heats the aerosol stream S as it flows through thetransition passage 186 defined by the transition tube 180. Heating theaerosol stream S flowing through the transition passage 186 facilitatesexpansion of the aerosol through the second expansion orifice 184. Theexpansion through the second expansion orifice 184 may be isentropicexpansion.

As further depicted in FIG. 3, the pressure reduction system 100includes a sample outlet port 210 defining a sample outlet 212 of thesecond chamber 114. As shown, the sample outlet port 210 is not alignedwith the second expansion orifice 184 along the main axis M. However, insome embodiments, the sample outlet port 210 may be aligned with thesecond expansion orifice 184 along the main axis M. During operation ofthe pressure reduction system 100, a portion of the aerosol stream Shaving low pressure P3, denoted as sample stream SS, flows through thesample outlet 212. A particulate measurement device 230 positioneddownstream of the sample outlet 212 is fluidly connected with the secondchamber 114, e.g., via a sample conduit 214 and receives the samplestream SS. Upon receipt of the sample stream SS, the particulatemeasurement device 230 is configured to measure various parameters ofthe non-volatile particulate matter within the sample stream SS,including for example, particle mass, number, size distribution, etc.Other parameters may also be measured.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3, the pressure reduction system100 defines a vertical direction V, e.g., along the radial direction R.In such embodiments, the particulate measurement device 230 ispositioned above the pressure reduction system 100 along the verticaldirection V. In this way, particulate losses are minimized and water(e.g., from condensation) is prevented from flowing to the particulatemeasurement device 230, which may provide for more accurate particulatemeasurements.

The pressure reduction system 100 also includes a main outlet port 220defining a main outlet 222 of the second chamber 114. During operationof the pressure reduction system 100, the portion of the aerosol streamS within the second chamber 114 that does not flow through the sampleoutlet 212 exits the pressure reduction system 100 through the mainoutlet 222 and to the ambient surroundings through a main conduit 224.Thus, the second chamber 114 defines two (2) outlets, the sample outlet212 and the main outlet 222.

An exemplary manner in which the pressure reduction system 100 reducesthe pressure of a high pressure aerosol with a minimized effect on theconcentration of non-volatile particulate matter of the aerosol streamfor sampling purposes will now be provided. With reference to FIG. 3,the aerosol stream S having high pressure P3 is directed from the highpressure environment 122, e.g., a combustor assembly of a gas turbineengine, to the pressure reduction system 100 via the inlet conduit 124.The high pressure aerosol stream S is comprised of non-volatileparticulate matter, such as carbon black (soot), dust, metal, andceramic particles. The aerosol stream S enters the pressure reductionsystem 100 through the inlet port 130 and undergoes a first pressuredrop after passing through the first expansion orifice 134 from a highpressure to an intermediate pressure. Particularly, as the aerosolstream S flows through the first expansion orifice 134 defined by thedownstream end of the inlet port 130, the aerosol stream S is expandedby the first expansion orifice 134 into the first chamber 112. That is,the aerosol stream S is compressed and accelerated by the firstexpansion orifice 134, causing the aerosol stream S to rapidly expand asthe aerosol stream S enters the first chamber 112. The expansion of thegas aerosol stream S through the first expansion orifice 134 and intothe first chamber 112 may be adiabatic in that the high velocity andshort residence time of the aerosol stream S through the first expansionorifice 134 prevents an exchange of heat, e.g., with the inlet port 130.Further, the expansion may also be isentropic or nearly isentropic.After expansion through the first expansion orifice 134 and into thefirst chamber 112, the pressure of the aerosol stream S is reduced fromhigh pressure P1 to the intermediate pressure P2. Thus, the pressure ofthe aerosol stream S downstream of the first expansion orifice 134 andupstream of the second expansion orifice 184 is the intermediatepressure P2. The temperature of the aerosol stream S is also reduced dueto the first pressure drop. As noted previously, the intermediatepressure P2 may be controlled to a set pressure, e.g., by releasingpressure through one or more overflow pressure valves 150.

After entering the first chamber 112 after expansion through the firstexpansion orifice 134, a portion of the aerosol stream S enters theinlet 182 of the transition tube 180. The aerosol stream S flowsdownstream through the transition passage 186, and as this occurs, thetransition tube 180 settles the flow and warms the aerosol stream Swithin the transition passage 186. The heating jacket 162 of the heatingassembly 160 exchanges heat with the enclosure 110, which in turnexchanges heat with the transition tube 180. The warmed transition tube180 in turn warms the aerosol stream S. Warming the aerosol stream Sprevents condensation from forming in the transition passage 186 or thesecond expansion orifice 184, which may negatively affect theconcentration of the non-volatile particulates and/or disrupt thevolumetric flow of the aerosol stream S through the second expansionorifice 184.

At the downstream end of the transition tube 180, the warmed aerosolstream S having an intermediate pressure P2 undergoes a second pressuredrop. Particularly, the aerosol stream S is expanded through the secondexpansion orifice 184 and into the second chamber 114. That is, theaerosol stream S is compressed and accelerated by the second expansionorifice 184, causing the aerosol stream S to rapidly expand as theaerosol stream S enters the second chamber 114. The expansion of theaerosol stream S reduces the pressure from the intermediate pressure P2to low pressure P3, which may be an ambient pressure, for example. Theaerosol stream S having a low pressure P3 is then directed through thesample outlet 212 to the particulate matter measurement device 230 formeasuring the particulates of sample stream SS of the aerosol stream S.The excess flow in the second chamber 114 flows through the main outlet222.

The pressure reduction of the aerosol stream S without significantlychanging the characteristics of the aerosol is achieved at least in partvia a constant or near constant volumetric flow rate through the firstand second expansion orifices 134, 184, expansion through the firstexpansion orifice 134 and into the first chamber 112, settling andheating in the transition tube 180, and expansion of the aerosol streamS through the second expansion orifice 184 of the transition tube 180and into the second chamber 114.

FIG. 8 provides a flow diagram of an exemplary method (300) for reducingthe pressure of an aerosol stream comprised of non-volatile particulatesfrom a high pressure to a low pressure without affecting or minimallyaffecting the non-volatile particulate matter concentration of theaerosol stream. For instance, the pressure reduction system 100described herein may be utilized to reduce the pressure of the highpressure aerosol stream. The aerosol stream may be an exhaust stream ofa gas turbine engine, for example. For context, reference numeralsutilized to describe the pressure reduction system 100 and its variousfeatures will be utilized below.

At (302), the method (300) includes expanding the aerosol stream througha first expansion orifice into a first chamber defined by an enclosureto reduce the aerosol stream from the high pressure to an intermediatepressure. For instance, a high pressure aerosol stream such as anexhaust stream from a combustor assembly, may be directed through thefirst expansion orifice 134 of inlet port 130 of the pressure reductionsystem 100. Upstream of the first expansion orifice 134, the pressure ofthe aerosol stream has a high pressure P1. For instance, the highpressure may be a pressure level between about three bar (3 bar) up toabout seventy bar (70 bar). When the high pressure aerosol stream isdirected through the first expansion orifice 134, the aerosol streamexpands and flows into the first chamber 112 defined by the enclosure110. The expansion of the aerosol stream reduces the pressure of theaerosol stream from high pressure P1 to intermediate pressure P2. Theintermediate pressure P2 is a pressure that is between the high pressureP1 and the low pressure P3.

At (304), the method (300) includes expanding the aerosol stream througha second expansion orifice defined by a transition tube into a secondchamber defined by the enclosure to reduce the aerosol stream from theintermediate pressure to the low pressure, wherein the transition tubeis completely contained within the enclosure. For instance, the aerosolstream S within the first chamber 112 having an intermediate pressure P2after expansion through the first expansion orifice 134 at (302), may bedirected through the second expansion orifice 184 defined by thetransition tube 180 of the pressure reduction system 100. When theaerosol stream S having an intermediate pressure P2 is directed throughthe second expansion orifice 184, the aerosol stream S expands into thesecond chamber 114 defined by the enclosure 110. The expansion of theaerosol stream S through the second expansion orifice 184 and into thesecond chamber 114 reduces the pressure of the aerosol stream S fromintermediate pressure P2 to low pressure P3. The low pressure P3 may bean ambient pressure, e.g., one atmosphere (1 atm).

In some implementations, the method (300) includes obtaining a samplestream of the aerosol stream at the low pressure from the secondchamber. In this way, a sample stream SS having a representativeconcentration of the non-volatile particulates in the aerosol stream atthe high pressure may be measured by one or more particulate measurementdevices 230. For instance, a portion of the aerosol stream S may flowthrough the sample outlet 212 of the second chamber 114 and downstreamto particulate measurement devices 230. As the high pressure aerosol wasreduced in pressure to low pressure P3 with minimal effect on thequality and properties of the non-volatile particulates of the aerosolstream, the sample stream SS includes a representative concentration ofthe non-volatile particulates found in the high pressure aerosol stream,and thus, the one or more particulate measurement devices 230 mayaccurately measure various parameters of the non-volatile particulates.

Further, in some implementations, the method (300) includes heating theenclosure. When the enclosure is heated, the enclosure exchanges heatwith the transition tube, which in turn exchanges heat with the aerosolstream flowing through a transition passage defined by the transitiontube upstream of the second expansion orifice. In some implementations,the method (300) includes heating the enclosure with a heating jacket,or more broadly, the method (300) includes heating the enclosure with aheating assembly.

For instance, the enclosure may be heated with the heating assembly 160of FIG. 1. More particularly, the enclosure 110 may be heated with theheating jacket 162 wrapped about the enclosure 110 as shown in FIG. 1.The heating jacket 162 may be controlled by one or more controllers 170to maintain a particular temperature or to increase or decrease thetemperature of the heating jacket 162 as needed. As noted above, whenthe heating jacket 162 heats the enclosure 110, which is preferablyformed of a conducting material, the enclosure 110 exchanges heat withthe transition tube 180 which in turn exchanges heat with the aerosolstream flowing through the transition passage 186 of the transition tube180. Thus, the aerosol stream is warmed upstream of the second expansionorifice 184. Heating the enclosure 110 with the heating assembly 160prevents condensation from blocking the expansion orifices 134, 184, andparticularly, condensation is prevented from forming in the transitionpassage 186 upstream of the second expansion orifice 184. Further,heating the aerosol stream within the transition passage 186 helpsmaintain a more consistent volumetric flow rate through transitionpassage 186.

In some implementations, the first expansion orifice is aligned with aninlet defined by the transition tube. By aligning the inlet 182 of thetransition tube 180 with the first expansion orifice 134 of the inletport 130, as noted previously, the particulate concentration of theaerosol stream S may be better maintained.

In addition, in some implementations, the pressure reduction system 100includes overflow pressure valve 150 fluidly connected with the firstchamber 112. The pressure reduction system 100 also includes pressuresensing device 140 configured to sense the pressure of the aerosolstream within the first chamber 112. In such implementations, the method(300) includes receiving, by a controller, one or more signalsindicative of the pressure of the aerosol stream within the firstchamber from the pressure sensing device. The controller may be one ormore controllers 170. The method (300) also includes determining whetherthe pressure of the aerosol stream within the first chamber is within apredetermined range of a set pressure. The method (300) also includesadjusting a valve position of the overflow pressure valve based at leastin part on whether the pressure of the aerosol stream within the firstchamber is within the predetermined range of the set pressure.

In some implementations, the set pressure within the first chamber isset based at least in part on the equation:

P _(SET)=√{square root over (P ₁ *P ₃)}  (Equation 1)

where, P_(SET) is the set pressure within the first chamber 112, P₁ isthe pressure of the aerosol stream upstream of the first expansionorifice 134, and P₃ is the pressure of the aerosol stream downstream ofthe second expansion orifice 184. For instance, the controller 170 ofthe pressure reduction system 100 may control the valve position of theone or more overflow pressure valves 150 to open or close to achieve adesired pressure P₃ in the second chamber 114. By setting the settemperature in accordance with Equation 1, the temperature drop due tothe expansion of the aerosol stream through the first expansion orifice134 into the first chamber 112 and the expansion of the aerosol streamthrough the second expansion orifice 184 into the second chamber 114 isminimized, which in turn facilitates a more consistent volumetric flowrate of the aerosol stream as it flows through the pressure reductionsystem 100.

In some implementations, the set pressure is dynamically set based atleast in part on the pressure of the aerosol stream upstream of thefirst expansion orifice. That is, the set pressure within the firstchamber 112 may be dynamically changed based at least in part on thepressure reading of the incoming high pressure aerosol stream.Advantageously, by dynamically setting the set pressure of the pressureof the aerosol stream within the first chamber 112 and removing excesspressure therefrom, e.g., via opening of overflow pressure valve 150, anambient pressure of the aerosol stream within the second chamber 114 maybe consistently achieved, even if the pressure of the incoming aerosolstream is fluctuating. This may be particularly advantageous inobtaining sample streams from exhaust aerosol streams from a combustorassembly of a gas turbine engine in transient operation. Thus,particulate matter emissions may be studied for transient operations ofgas turbine engines mounted to aircraft. For instance, samples may beobtained that model the emissions emitted from gas turbine enginesduring takeoffs, evasive maneuvers, step climbs, or other power changingmaneuvers.

Although specific features of various embodiments may be shown in somedrawings and not in others, this is for convenience only. In accordancewith the principles of the present disclosure, any feature of a drawingmay be referenced and/or claimed in combination with any feature of anyother drawing.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention,including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in theart to practice the invention, including making and using any devices orsystems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope ofthe invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examplesthat occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intendedto be within the scope of the claims if they include structural elementsthat do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if theyinclude equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differencesfrom the literal languages of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pressure reduction system, comprising: anenclosure defining a first chamber and a second chamber positioneddownstream of the first chamber; an inlet port fluidly connecting a highpressure environment and the first chamber, the inlet port defining afirst expansion orifice through which an aerosol stream comprised ofnon-volatile particulates is delivered to the first chamber from thehigh pressure environment, wherein the aerosol stream has a firstpressure drop after passing through the first expansion orifice from ahigh pressure to an intermediate pressure; a transition tube fluidlyconnecting the first chamber and the second chamber, the transition tubedefining an inlet and a second expansion orifice through which theaerosol stream is delivered to the second chamber from the firstchamber, wherein the aerosol stream has a second pressure drop afterpassing through the second expansion from the intermediate pressure to alow pressure; and a sample outlet port defining a sample outlet of thesecond chamber, wherein a portion of the aerosol stream having the lowpressure is configured to flow through the sample outlet.
 2. Thepressure reduction system of claim 1, wherein the pressure reductionsystem defines a main axis, and wherein the inlet of the transition tubeis concentrically aligned with the first expansion orifice of the inletport along the main axis.
 3. The pressure reduction system of claim 1,wherein the first expansion orifice has a first diameter and the secondexpansion orifice has a second diameter, and wherein the first diameteris equal to the second diameter.
 4. The pressure reduction system ofclaim 3, wherein a distance is defined between the first expansionorifice and the second expansion orifice, and wherein the distance is atleast ten (10) times greater than the first diameter and the seconddiameter.
 5. The pressure reduction system of claim 1, wherein thepressure reduction system defines an axial direction, and wherein thetransition tube comprises a body that tapers along the axial directiontoward the inlet of the transition tube.
 6. The pressure reductionsystem of claim 5, wherein the body has a step portion positioned withina transition opening defined by the enclosure between the first chamberand the second chamber, and wherein the step portion defines a basediameter, and wherein the body of the transition tube tapers along theaxial direction from the step portion to the inlet of the transitiontube.
 7. The pressure reduction system of claim 6, wherein the body hasan upstream diameter, and wherein the step portion of the body has adiameter that is at least three (3) times greater than the upstreamdiameter of the body.
 8. The pressure reduction system of claim 1,wherein the transition tube is completely contained within theenclosure.
 9. The pressure reduction system of claim 1, furthercomprising: a heating assembly for heating the enclosure.
 10. Thepressure reduction system of claim 9, wherein the enclosure is formed ofa conducting material and the transition tube is formed of a conductingmaterial, and wherein the heating jacket selectively heats the enclosureat a predetermined set temperature.
 11. The pressure reduction system ofclaim 1, further comprising: an overflow pressure valve fluidlyconnected to the first chamber for selectively regulating the pressureof the aerosol stream within the first chamber; a pressure sensingdevice fluidly connected to the first chamber for measuring the pressureof the aerosol stream in the first chamber; a controller communicativelycoupled with the overflow pressure valve and the pressure sensingdevice, the controller configured to: receive one or more signalsindicative of the pressure of the aerosol stream within the firstchamber from the pressure sensing device; determine whether the pressureof the aerosol stream within the first chamber is within a predeterminedrange of a set pressure; and control the overflow pressure valve toadjust a valve position of the overflow pressure valve based at least inpart on whether the pressure of the aerosol stream within the firstchamber is within the predetermined range of the set pressure.
 12. Thepressure reduction system of claim 1, wherein the sample outlet isfluidly connected with a particulate measurement device configured tomeasure a concentration of the non-volatile particulates of the aerosolstream, and wherein the pressure reduction system defines a verticaldirection and the particulate measurement device is positioned above thepressure reduction system along the vertical direction.
 13. The pressurereduction system of claim 1, wherein the transition tube defines atransition passage fluidly connecting the inlet of the transition tubewith the second expansion orifice of the transition tube, and whereinthe transition tube has a diameter and the second expansion orifice hasa second diameter, and wherein the diameter of the transition passage isat least three and a half (3.5) times greater than the second diameterof the second expansion orifice.
 14. A pressure reduction system,comprising: an enclosure formed at least in part of a conductingmaterial and defining a first chamber and a second chamber positioneddownstream of the first chamber; an inlet port fluidly connecting a highpressure environment and the first chamber, the inlet port defining afirst expansion orifice through which an aerosol stream comprised ofnon-volatile particulates is delivered to the first chamber from thehigh pressure environment, wherein the aerosol stream has a firstpressure drop after passing through the first expansion orifice from ahigh pressure to an intermediate pressure; an overflow pressure valvefluidly connected to the first chamber for selectively regulating thepressure of the aerosol stream within the first chamber; a transitiontube formed of a conducting material and fluidly connecting the firstchamber and the second chamber and mounted to the enclosure, thetransition tube defining an inlet and a second expansion orifice throughwhich the aerosol stream is delivered to the second chamber from thefirst chamber, wherein the aerosol stream has a second pressure dropafter passing through the second expansion from the intermediatepressure to a low pressure; a heating assembly for providing heat to theenclosure; and a sample outlet port defining a sample outlet of thesecond chamber, wherein a portion of the aerosol stream having the lowpressure is configured to flow through the sample outlet.
 15. Thepressure reduction system of claim 14, wherein the pressure reductionsystem defines a main axis, and wherein the inlet of the transition tubeis concentrically aligned with the first expansion orifice of the inletport along the main axis.
 16. The pressure reduction system of claim 14,wherein the first expansion orifice has a first diameter and the secondexpansion orifice has a second diameter, and wherein the first diameteris equal to the second diameter.
 17. The pressure reduction system ofclaim 16, wherein a distance is defined between the first expansionorifice and the second expansion orifice, and wherein the distance is atleast ten (10) times greater than the first diameter and the seconddiameter.
 18. The pressure reduction system of claim 14, wherein thepressure reduction system defines an axial direction, and wherein thetransition tube comprises a body that tapers along the axial directiontoward the inlet of the transition tube.
 19. The pressure reductionsystem of claim 18, wherein the body has a step portion positionedwithin a transition opening defined by the enclosure between the firstchamber and the second chamber, and wherein the step portion defines abase diameter, and wherein the body of the transition tube tapers alongthe axial direction from the step portion to the inlet of the transitiontube.
 20. The pressure reduction system of claim 19, wherein the bodyhas an upstream diameter, and wherein the step portion of the body has adiameter that is at least three (3) times greater than the upstreamdiameter of the body.
 21. The pressure reduction system of claim 14,wherein the transition tube is completely contained within theenclosure.
 22. The pressure reduction system of claim 14, wherein theenclosure is formed of a conducting material and the transition tube isformed of a conducting material, and wherein the heating jacketselectively heats the enclosure at a predetermined set temperature. 23.The pressure reduction system of claim 14, further comprising: anoverflow pressure valve fluidly connected to the first chamber forselectively regulating the pressure of the aerosol stream within thefirst chamber; a pressure sensing device fluidly connected to the firstchamber for measuring the pressure of the aerosol stream in the firstchamber; a controller communicatively coupled with the overflow pressurevalve and the pressure sensing device, the controller configured to:receive one or more signals indicative of the pressure of the aerosolstream within the first chamber from the pressure sensing device;determine whether the pressure of the aerosol stream within the firstchamber is within a predetermined range of a set pressure; and controlthe overflow pressure valve to adjust a valve position of the overflowpressure valve based at least in part on whether the pressure of theaerosol stream within the first chamber is within the predeterminedrange of the set pressure.
 24. The pressure reduction system of claim14, wherein the sample outlet is fluidly connected with a particulatemeasurement device configured to measure a concentration of thenon-volatile particulates of the aerosol stream, and wherein thepressure reduction system defines a vertical direction and theparticulate measurement device is positioned above the pressurereduction system along the vertical direction.
 25. The pressurereduction system of claim 14, wherein the transition tube defines atransition passage fluidly connecting the inlet of the transition tubewith the second expansion orifice of the transition tube, and whereinthe transition tube has a diameter and the second expansion orifice hasa second diameter, and wherein the diameter of the transition passage isat least three and a half (3.5) times greater than the second diameterof the second expansion orifice.